Wolof language translation - Language Exchange Learn Learn to Speak Wolof. Learn Wolof online by practicing with a native speaker who is learning your language. Write or speak Wolof online to improve grammar or conversation. A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, cultural immersion and multimedia, because you get to practice all that you ...

 
Parlons Wolof. Paris - 1989. L'Harmattan: Grammaire du Wolof Contemporain, Paris - 2009. Jean-Léopold Diouf: J'apprends le Wolof. Paris Compiled by Wolfgang Kuhl. If you would like to make any corrections or additions to this page, or if you can provide recordings, please contact me. Numbers in Atlantic-Congo languages. Phea

Translation of "thank you" into Wolof . jëre-jef, jëre-jëf, mba are the top translations of "thank you" into Wolof. thank you noun interjection grammar . An expression of gratitude or politeness, in response to something done or given. [..] + Add translation Add thank you English-Wolof dictionary . jëre-jef Ndella Send us an email at [email protected] or give us a call at 1-833-744-1555. Wolof Certified Translations. We provide Wolof Certified translations for personal and corporate requests. Certified translations are usually requested by government agencies and universities (USCIS, ECFMG, etc.). A Wolof, West-African French or English voice-over for your videos, shows, documentaries and others. Per project. ... ©2020 by The Wolof Translator. Useful phrases in Wolof. A collection of useful phrases in Wolof, a Niger-Congo language spoken mainly in Senegal. Jump to phrases. See these phrases in any combination of two languages in the Phrase Finder.If you can provide recordings, corrections or additional translations, please contact me.. Key to abbreviations: sg = singular (said to one …Translate. Swap Languages. Reset. Professional Human Translation. Our translation team consists of many expert and experienced Wolof translators. Each translator …Nov 2, 2023 · Wolof to English translation services have emerged as a valuable resource in bridging the language gap between Wolof-speaking communities and the English-speaking world. One of the key benefits of Wolof to English translation services is the ability to effectively communicate and understand information across different languages. on the French-Wolof pair under the same experimental conditions. Keywords Low resource ·Machine translation ·African languages ·RNN 1 Introduction A machine translation (MT) system allows to switch from a textual sequence (or an audio source) in a source language, to the same sequence in the target language.In order to Translate Wolof, you need completely manual translation service, which ensures professional and satisfactory services. Manual translation differs from automated software based translation in various aspects. In the following section, let us find those differences: Manual translation involves interpretation of the data written in ...This video is all about Wolof, an important language spoken in West Africa! Learn a language with native teachers online using italki: ...OCA also operates the Texas Court Remote Interpreter Service (TCRIS), which provides licensed court interpreters in Spanish, French, Portuguese and German at no cost to courts, via telephone and videoconference. Please contact the OCA Language Access Department at (512) 463-5656 or [email protected] Machine Translation for Senegalese Wolof Language. Derguene Mbaye, Moussa Diallo, Thierno Ibrahima Diop. Natural Language Processing … wolof: wolof: wolu: aid; save: won: show: woñ: thread: wondaal: spin: woñeeku: retreat: woññi: count: woo: call: wóor: safe: wopp: ill: wor: disappointment: worsag: luck: wosin: deliver: woto: car: wow: dry; dry up: wowal: dry: wox: talk: woxtu: period: woy: sing; song: woyaas: voyage: woyof: light; thin: wulli: tan: wulóor: value: wurus ... We are a wise translation & localization specialising in African languages. 10 years in the industry has equipped us with the skills and know-how to deal with the most challenging of demands as well as the most creative. Wolof is one of the main languages we deal with from West Africa. Our team not only offer you tip-top translations but also: Sadly there is no easy answer to this! It entirely depends on your needs and requirements and how long you need to use our services. For a document translation, generally speaking, you would be looking at around £0.10 to £0.15 per word in the current market. Interpretation charges vary from £25 an hour. Translation memory for Spanish - Wolof languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Yunnanese. Zapoteco. Zarma. Zo. Zyphe. Audio interpreting languages available via LanguageLine® DirectResponseSM our end-to-end language solution for inbound calls. Languages of lesser diffusion may require additional interpreter connect time. Lists are subject to change with interpreter availability. If you have a question regarding language ...Online Wolof bilingual and multilingual dictionaries (Wolof <-> English, French, etc). ... Dictionary search: Lexicool shop: Translation online: Home > Online dictionaries by language > Wolof dictionaries: Share: English-Wolof : A Wolf Dictionary - 1997 (WO>EN), English Wolof Dictionary ... Translation courses Translation associations Lexibar, ...76 pages long Wolof - English and English - Wolof dictionary. By Sierra Dem, Peace Corps, 1995. Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal, the Gambia, and Mauritania, and it is the native language of the ethnic group of the Wolof people. It belongs to the Atlantic branch of the Niger-Congo language family. (Wikipedia 2006).Translations from dictionary French - Wolof, definitions, grammar. In Glosbe you will find translations from French into Wolof coming from various sources. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection.May 1, 2023 · Majority of other languages with weaker resources are then left behind which is the case for most African languages including Wolof. In this work, we present a parallel Wolof/French corpus of 123,000 sentences on which we conducted experiments on machine translation models based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in different data configurations. Wolof financial translation converts financial reports, statements, and documents from a specific language to Wolof and vice versa. Everyone, including businesses or economic organizations, understands the fact that money is a versatile commodity. Nov 2, 2023 · Wolof to English translation services have emerged as a valuable resource in bridging the language gap between Wolof-speaking communities and the English-speaking world. One of the key benefits of Wolof to English translation services is the ability to effectively communicate and understand information across different languages. Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. A Wolof, West-African French or English voice-over for your videos, shows, documentaries and others. Per project. ... ©2020 by The Wolof Translator. Translate English to Wolof with this custom online translator made using LingoJam. ***PLEASE READ BEFORE SUBMITTING A SUGGESTION ABOVE*** Please note this Wolof phrase translator is nowhere near perfect. Translation of "hello" into Wolof. Naka Nia Def, ba djamarek, munwayo are the top translations of "hello" into Wolof. Sample translated sentence: hello ↔ na gadef. hello verb noun interjection grammar. A call for response if it is not clear if anyone is present or listening, or if a telephone conversation may have been disconnected.Translation memory for Spanish - Wolof languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in …In this paper, we propose a neural machine translation system for Wolof, a low-resource Niger-Congo language. First we gathered a parallel corpus of 70000 aligned French-Wolof sentences.Here are some exercises to help you reinforce your understanding of the Wolof vocabulary for money and currency, as well as asking for prices and bargaining: Exercise 1: Fill in the Blanks Fill in the blanks with the appropriate Wolof word for each given English translation. 1.With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Mar 21, 2014 · The unique beauty of Wolof. The Niger-Congo language family usually has different languages branching from it. Wolof is a member of its Senegambain branches. There is an estimated seven million Wolof speakers Mauritania, Gambia, France, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Bissau. In Senegal there are six national languages including Wolof. Translator – Janga Wolof. Our online translator can be found at JangaWolofTranslator.org. Wolof keyboard to type the special characters of the Wolof …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Translate Free – Language Translator & Dictionary. It’s the simplicity and easy-to-use features that make this app so handy for travelers. With the support of 59 languages, it provides you the needed flexibility to translate the text. You can quickly access your translated text to use them offline.An accessible look at the Wolof language, from Senegal in West Africa, which has a unique pronoun system where pronouns do much of the work more usually done...However, this approach requires a parallel corpus of noisy data on the one hand and correct data on the other hand, whereas Wolof is a low-resource language and does not have such a corpus. In this paper, we present a way to address the constraint related to the lack of data by generating synthetic data and we present sequence-to … Wolof is one of the six national languages of Senegal ( Senegaal / سِنِڭَالْ ), along with Serer, Mandinka, Pulaar, Diola and Soninke. Wolof was first written with a version of the Arabic script known as Wolofal, which is still used by many older men in Senegal. The Wolof orthography using the Latin alphabet was standardised in 1974 ... Wolof to English Certified Translation Company. Professional Wolof to English translations are available online for all official documents such as birth certificates, marriage certificates, and diplomas. We work with certified translators from many countries such as Egypt, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, US, UK, and others. Get My Free Quote. Translator. Our online translator can be found at JangaWolofTranslator.org. Wolof keyboard to type the special characters of the Wolof alphabet. (Consider donating to the keyboard’s creator.) Click to access wolof+cheat+sheet+2013.pdf. A Wolof, West-African French or English voice-over for your videos, shows, documentaries and others. Per project. ... ©2020 by The Wolof Translator. Learn Wolof: 3 Free Online Wolof Courses. Learn Wolof. : 3 Free Online Wolof Courses. The free Live Lingua online Wolof courses are here to make language learning accessible to everybody. Our Wolof material contain 3 Wolof courses , 5 ebooks and 27 audio files. Just select the course you want to use and enjoy! Wolof is the most widely spoken language in Senegal, spoken natively by the Wolof people (40% of the population) but also by most other Senegalese as a second language. [3] Wolof dialects vary geographically and between rural and urban areas. The principal dialect of Dakar, for instance, is an urban mixture of Wolof, French, and Arabic . Multilingual neural machine translation systems including Wolof have also been developed such as in [16] where authors leveraged existing pre-trained models to create low-resource translation systems for 16 African languages. The Meta’s No Language Left Behind project3 which is capable of trans-lating 200 languages between each other also ...%0 Conference Proceedings %T Low-resource Neural Machine Translation: Benchmarking State-of-the-art Transformer for Wolof\textless-\textgreaterFrench %A Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba %A Lo, Alla %A Nguer, Elhadji Mamadou %A Ba, Sileye %Y Calzolari, Nicoletta %Y Béchet, Frédéric %Y Blache, Philippe %Y …Learn the most important words in Wolof. Here you can find the translation of the 50 most important words and expressions into Wolof. If you are about to travel to Senegal, this is exactly what you are looking for! We will teach you: How to say Hello! and Goodbye in Wolof! To say please and thank you in Wolof!Wolof belongs to the West-Atlantic group of the Niger-Congo family (like Fulfulde).It is spoken by about 3.5 million people, mostly in Senegal, where it is the main African language. Wolof dialects may vary between countries (Senegal and Gambia) and the rural and urban areas.Translation memory for German - Wolof languages The translated sentences you will find in Glosbe come from parallel corpora (large databases with translated texts). Translation memory is like having the support of thousands of translators available in …Language Exchange Learn Learn to Speak Wolof. Learn Wolof online by practicing with a native speaker who is learning your language. Write or speak Wolof online to improve grammar or conversation. A language exchange complements other forms of learning such as classroom, cultural immersion and multimedia, because you get to practice all that you ...Janga Wolof: Wolof Language & Culture Blog (USA) A free blog in English, with mini lessons in Wolof, glossaries, and links to other sites on the Internet. Lilyan Kesteloot, 1931-2018. Editions Orizons (Paris): Lilyan Kesteloot -- Bibliographie. L'Harmattan Sénégal (Dakar): "Entretien avec Lilyan Kesteloot," le 19 mars 2016.Download our Wolof-English Translator app today and unlock the power of seamless communication. Benefit from the speed, accuracy, and convenience of our translation capabilities. Whether you're a student, traveler, or language enthusiast, our app is your go-to language companion. Discover the beauty and richness of the Wolof and English ...LanguageLine knows your industry’s specific terminology and can enable total understanding for your customers, patients, and constituents. We’ve been partnering with nearly every Fortune 100 company for decades in healthcare, financial services, technology, insurance, telecommunications, aerospace, defense, and food and drug industries.Nov 2, 2023 · Wolof to English translation services have emerged as a valuable resource in bridging the language gap between Wolof-speaking communities and the English-speaking world. One of the key benefits of Wolof to English translation services is the ability to effectively communicate and understand information across different languages. PoliLingua is a professional translation services company with over 20 years of experience. We translate over 200 languages into Wolof. We offer Wolof translations for businesses and individuals, ensuring accuracy and precision in all our work. Our team of translators is native speakers of Wolof, guaranteeing that your translations will be ... Wolof language and tips to translate Wolof to English | PoliLIngua. Tatiana Osoblivaia. 13/03/2023. Language and Culture. Many companies are doing business in …Dec 20, 2021 · Internationalization, also known as l18n in our industry, is the process and practices involved in designing or modifying a product to... Wolof, translated anytime. The Wolof Translator provides Wolof, French and or English translation services. We also offer wolof transcription and voiceover as well as Wolof remote phone interpretation no ... Our Wolof Primer employs state-of-the-art Internet technologies to deliver a fun and easy learning experience. Special emphasis is placed on teaching the everyday words and phrases that a tourist would find invaluable in Senegal or The Gambia. Please keep in mind that our Wolof Primer is not a full, college level course.Majority of other languages with weaker resources are then left behind which is the case for most African languages including Wolof. In this work, we present a parallel Wolof/French corpus of 123,000 sentences on which we conducted experiments on machine translation models based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in different data configurations.French-English dictionary. n. Thiam leur répond en sa langue maternelle, le Wolof. Thiam answers in their native language, Wolof. Son nom signifie «les protéger» en Wolof. Her name means "protect them" in Wolof. Dans les zones Wolof, ce sont des chefs-adjoints. In Wolof areas, they were the assistant chiefs.Mar 21, 2014 · The unique beauty of Wolof. The Niger-Congo language family usually has different languages branching from it. Wolof is a member of its Senegambain branches. There is an estimated seven million Wolof speakers Mauritania, Gambia, France, Guinea, Mali, Senegal, Mali and Guinea-Bissau. In Senegal there are six national languages including Wolof. Downloadable PDF dictionary of Mandinka words with English definitions. Manx English Dictionary. Manx, Gaelg, Gailck, Manks, Gaelic, Isle of Man. Mandinka Dictionary (in downloadable PDF format) Mandinka - English Dictionary prepared by Peace Corps The Gambia. Mandinka Word Search. In the square below find the Mandinka words listed …Translations from dictionary French - Wolof, definitions, grammar. In Glosbe you will find translations from French into Wolof coming from various sources. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information about the inflection.Jun 2, 2012 · Janga Wolof Language & Culture of The Senegambia. ... 72 thoughts on “ English To Wolof Translation Online ” Anush says: Sunday, December 16, 2012 at 5:44 am/5:44. Senegalease Government has created a linguistic Department for Wolof and other local languages to promote the use of Wolof in some environments like school and also translation of different book in Wolof languages, but there is still a lot of work to have Wolof used in official documents and schools. There also exist some french-wolof …%0 Conference Proceedings %T Low-resource Neural Machine Translation: Benchmarking State-of-the-art Transformer for Wolof\textless-\textgreaterFrench %A Dione, Cheikh M. Bamba %A Lo, Alla %A Nguer, Elhadji Mamadou %A Ba, Sileye %Y Calzolari, Nicoletta %Y Béchet, Frédéric %Y Blache, Philippe %Y …State-of-the-art machine translation (MT) systems rely on the availability of large parallel corpora, containing millions of sentence pairs. For the Icelandic language, the parallel corpus ParIce ...Check out Glosbe French - Wolof translator that uses latest AI achievements to give you most accurate translations as you type. Translation Africa’s commitment to excellence in Wolof translation services in Africa stems from a deep understanding of the nuances and complexities embedded within the Wolof language. By offering tailor-made solutions that cater to the unique linguistic and cultural requirements of clients, Translation Africa has established itself as a ... Majority of other languages with weaker resources are then left behind which is the case for most African languages including Wolof. In this work, we present a parallel Wolof/French corpus of 123,000 sentences on which we conducted experiments on machine translation models based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in different …Do you want to learn a new language for free, fun and science-based? Duolingo is the world's most popular language learning platform, with courses in over 40 languages, interactive exercises, and a supportive community. Whether you want to practice online, on your phone, or with a podcast, Duolingo has something for you. Join millions of learners …Jul 31, 2023 · Senegal, a vibrant nation in West Africa, boasts a rich tapestry of languages. Among them, Wolof stands as the lingua franca, spoken by a majority of the population. Interestingly, the influence of French, the official language, remains deeply embedded in Wolof, tracing back to Senegal’s history as a French colony. Free Wolof Lessons Online | Peace Corps At Live Lingua we believe that everybody should be able to learn another language. This is why we have made available these free US Peace Corps resources for you to use. Read the Wolof ebooks online, listen to the Wolof audios and practice your Wolof pronunciation with our online recorder or …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.2 Wolof Grammar Notes: Imperative Forma tion: Singul ar : Verb + -al (if verb ends in consonant e.g. waxal) [+/- object pronouns] Verb + -l (if verb ends in i, u or a long vowel e.g. noppil) Verb + -vowel + -l (if verb ends in any other vowel e.g. booleel) Verb + -wal (if verb is monosyllabic ending in a vowel e.g. jiwal) Plural Verb + -leen (e.g. waxleen, noppileen, …ENGLISH LANGUAGE ARTS Translation of ELA Terms English | Wolof Updated October 2018 THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK / ALBANY, NY 12234 This glossary is to PROVIDE PERMITTED TESTING ACCOMMODATIONS of ELL/MLL students. It should also be used for INSTRUCTION … Introduction to Wolof-Peace Corps/Mauritania P.DOT – Wolof Lessons Lesson 1: The Alphabet Lesson 2: Vocabulary 1 Lesson 3: Greetings Lesson 4: Numbers Lesson 5: Vocabulary 2 Lesson 6: Vocabulary 3 Lesson 7: Days of the Week and Some Expressions of Time Lesson 8: Introducing Self/Someone Lesson 9: Leave-taking Expressions Majority of other languages with weaker resources are then left behind which is the case for most African languages including Wolof. In this work, we present a parallel Wolof/French corpus of 123,000 sentences on which we conducted experiments on machine translation models based on Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) in different …Machine translation is an area of NLP research that allows one language to be translated into another language. Today it is difficult to find an automatic translator for languages that are not well represented, especially in Africa. This is the purpose of this project. Wolof is a language spoken in Senegal and many other countries in West Africa. Translator. Our online translator can be found at JangaWolofTranslator.org. Wolof keyboard to type the special characters of the Wolof alphabet. (Consider donating to the keyboard’s creator.) Click to access wolof+cheat+sheet+2013.pdf. Wolof is part of the Senegambian branch of the Niger-Congo language family, along with Serer and Fula. As such, it has various features that make translation particularly demanding. Unlike most languages, Wolof expresses tense by conjugating pronouns, not verbs. Going further, Wolof places much more focus on the completion of an action …This phrasebook includes greetings, food items, directions, sightseeing and many other categories of expressions that will help anyone wanting to learn Wolof." Addeddate 2023-01-13 06:03:20Wolof Language Services encompasses a diverse range of language-related activities that aim to facilitate communication between Wolof speakers and individuals who may not be familiar with the language. These services include translation, interpretation, and language education. They play a critical role in bridging linguistic gaps and ensuring ...We can also translate Wolof to and from over 150 other languages, including all the principal languages of Europe, Asia, South America, the Middle East and a variety of African languages, at competitive rates. Our Wolof experts have the ability to provide translation for virtually any project you might have, including marketing materials ...PoliLingua is a professional translation services company with over 20 years of experience. We translate over 200 languages into Wolof. We offer Wolof translations for businesses and individuals, ensuring accuracy and precision in all our work. Our team of translators is native speakers of Wolof, guaranteeing that your translations will be ...In the Wolof - English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time. CIT offers comprehensive Wolof language services including interpretation, translation, and transcription, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, worldwide. Our interpreters and translators are native speakers who have been screened, certified, provided credentials, field tested, and kept up to date with developments in both English and Wolof languages ... Wolof is part of the Senegambian branch of the Niger-Congo language family, along with Serer and Fula. As such, it has various features that make translation particularly demanding. Unlike most languages, Wolof expresses tense by conjugating pronouns, not verbs. Going further, Wolof places much more focus on the completion of an action rather ...

Translation of "English" into Wolof. Angale, Senegal, angalteer are the top translations of "English" into Wolof. English adjective verb noun proper grammar. English-language; of or pertaining to the English language. [..]. Typing.colm

wolof language translation

Wolof Online Course. This is a course in the Wolof language.The basis of the course is a set of videos involving conversations between native speakers of Wolof. Though some of the situations are somewhat contrived, the speech is natural and provides a good model for pronouncing Wolof sounds, imitating Wolof intonation patterns, using Wolof … wolof: wolof: wolu: aid; save: won: show: woñ: thread: wondaal: spin: woñeeku: retreat: woññi: count: woo: call: wóor: safe: wopp: ill: wor: disappointment: worsag: luck: wosin: deliver: woto: car: wow: dry; dry up: wowal: dry: wox: talk: woxtu: period: woy: sing; song: woyaas: voyage: woyof: light; thin: wulli: tan: wulóor: value: wurus ... The Joos Maternal Dynasty (Serer proper: Joos Fadiou or "Dioss Fahou/Fadiou") was a Serer maternal dynasty in the Wolof Kingdom of Waalo. Instead, they have announcers -- guys hanging off the back doors who holler their destinations in rapid Wolof. In Serrekunda, the Gambia's largest town, although only a tiny minority are ethnic Wolofs ...Wolof | African Language Translator - ST Communications. Wolof Translation Services. niche wolof translation and adaptation solutions. Wolof is the primary (although not …Mar 13, 2023 · Wolof is a widely spoken and historically significant language in Senegal. It has been around for over 800 years, predating the English language for centuries. Wolof has the second-largest native speaker base in Africa, following behind only Arabic. It is one of the most widely spoken African languages. 2 Wolof Grammar Notes: Imperative Forma tion: Singul ar : Verb + -al (if verb ends in consonant e.g. waxal) [+/- object pronouns] Verb + -l (if verb ends in i, u or a long vowel e.g. noppil) Verb + -vowel + -l (if verb ends in any other vowel e.g. booleel) Verb + -wal (if verb is monosyllabic ending in a vowel e.g. jiwal) Plural Verb + -leen (e.g. waxleen, noppileen, …Youssou N'Dour lyrics with translations: 7 Seconds, Kirikou, Li Ma Weesu, Xale Bi, La cour des grands, Amitie, Xaley Rewmi. Search. Join us. ... Languages: Wolof, French, English; Genre: Singer-songwriter; ... j'aimerais avoir les paroles même en wolof de Salagne Salagne. Enjovher Like. Wed, 05/02/2020 ... Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Mar 13, 2023 · Wolof is a widely spoken and historically significant language in Senegal. It has been around for over 800 years, predating the English language for centuries. Wolof has the second-largest native speaker base in Africa, following behind only Arabic. It is one of the most widely spoken African languages. The Wolof language has two main dialects ... Dione CMB, Lo A, Nguer EM, Ba S (2022) Low-resource neural machine translation: Benchmarking state-of-the-art transformer for Wolof<->French. In: Proceedings of the Thirteenth Language Resources ... Wolof Translators Available Now! Over the years, our Wolof translators have translated everything from technical documents, websites, and even literary works. After all, professional Wolof translation is crucial for any business that wants to establish local/international partnerships or maintain strong communication networks. This video is all about Wolof, an important language spoken in West Africa! Learn a language with native teachers online using italki: ...The Wolof (aka Jolof or Djolof) Empire was a state on the coast of West Africa, located between the Senegal and Gambia rivers, which thrived from the mid-14th to mid-16th century CE. The empire prospered on trade thanks to the two rivers providing access to the resources of the African interior and coastal traffic, commerce which ….

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