Are you tired of the same old pasta salad? Looking for a refreshing twist to your summer potlucks or picnics? Look no further than this easy cold spaghetti salad recipe. Packed wit...From wine and whiskey to coffee and tea, flavor wheels are used to make it easier to understand the complicated and often diverse world of flavors. In our CocoTerra flavor wheel, you will find all the main chocolate flavor categories, such as spicy, fudgy, earthy, floral, roasted, tangy, nutty and fruity. When tasting chocolate, the CocoTerra ...They may also use the Escoffier flavor wheel to assess the taste of what they made. The Escoffier flavor wheel. To make sure they’re properly equipped, online Culinary Arts and Baking & Pastry Arts students may receive a toolkit including a uniform, chef’s knives, pastry bags, and more. Exact toolkit supplies vary based on the program.The flavor wheel for Woodford Double Oaked, which is finished in a heavily toasted but lightly charred barrel for 6 months to 1 year, is skewed heavily toward the sweet aromatics. In fact, it’s half the flavor wheel. The secondary barreling, which is done in a new barrel specially developed for this product, is designed to bring out the best ...18 Jan 2016 ... Download the high resolution PDF version of the Counter Culture Coffee Taster's Flavour Wheel here and Taster's Fault (Defect) Wheel here. SEE ...Resinous, grassy tones with light tropical flavors: Earthy,Tropical Fruit,Grassy: American Amber,American Pale Ale: All Purpose: Australian Vic Secret: 14.0-17.0% % Australian: An aroma hop with resinous, grassy and mild fruit flavors. Late and dry hop additions introduce appealing clean and distinct pineapple and …To explore the flavor characteristics of human milk, we constructed a three-tiered human milk flavor wheel based on 53 sensory descriptors belonging to different sensory categories. Fifteen sensory descriptors were selected using M-value and multivariate statistical methods, and the corresponding references were set …WWR Tri-Blend T-shirt, Natural, "Coffee Flavor Wheel" ... High quality Tri-Blend Walla Walla Roastery branded T-shirt with our abstract take on the "Coffee Flavor&nb...THE SIX NEW BEER FLAVOUR WHEELS The complete set of six wheels includes a lexicon each for Hops, Malt and Fermentation & Maturation, a wheel for Hop varieties and Malt varieties, and a general Beer Flavour Wheel which also includes terms for drinking assessment. The wheels are designed to be flavour resources which work across all the …The flavor wheel is an excellent tool for identifying and describing different flavor notes in coffee. The wheel is divided into different sections, each representing a …The flavor wheel includes 13 main categories (inner wheel) and 90 subcategories (outer wheel) that aim to create a shared flavor vocabulary for a broad range of potential users. Applying the flavor wheel in research will minimize interpretation differences, increase comparability of research results, and support …The most popular Gatorade flavors are lemon-lime, orange, citrus cooler, fruit punch, tangerine, cool blue and mango extremo, according to Esquire.com. Whiskey Traits and Flavor Wheel Auburn Flame Mahogany, Henna Terracotta Pot Burnt amber Old oak Burnished Chestnut, Oloroso sherry Russet, Muscat Honey Tawny Carrot ... The Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel was originally designed by the SCA (Specialty Coffee Association) in 1995. It was redesigned and updated with the WCR (World Coffee Research) in 2016 using the World Coffee Research Sensory Lexicon, designed by leading coffee professionals, scientists, buyers, and …This flavor wheel, presented here for the first time – being a work in progress – covers the general classifications – based on flavor profiles (aroma and taste = flavor) for a dozen generally recognized styles or types of the Chinese liquor known as Baijiu. English and Chinese names for each class are presented along with general ...The most popular Gatorade flavors are lemon-lime, orange, citrus cooler, fruit punch, tangerine, cool blue and mango extremo, according to Esquire.com.You are very likely familiar with the coffee wheel known as the Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel, versions of which hang in cupping rooms all over the world. First introduced by …What is the SCAA Flavour Wheel? The Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCAA) Flavour Wheel, also known as the Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel, is a visual tool used in the coffee industry to describe …Flavor wheel được ra đời năm 1995 và được update lại vào 2016, với bảng từ vựng (lexicon) đi kèm giúp người dùng hiểu và áp dụng Flavor wheel chính xác hơn.Chỉ nhìn vào Flavor wheel (hình dưới đây) là không đủ. Bảng từ vựng giúp bạn định nghĩa rõ mùi hương/vị mình cảm ...Are you tired of the same old chicken dishes? Do you want to add a new twist to your meals? Look no further than your trusty air fryer. This versatile kitchen appliance can take yo...2. Materials and Methods. To build the semantic database for flavors, we use key words documented in the following sources: (1) the e-cigarette flavor wheel created by Krüsemann et al. (2019) [], which defined the main categories and subcategories of flavors (e.g., fruit, sweet, etc.); (2) WordNet [], a large lexical database of …Are you tired of the same old breakfast routine? Looking for a way to start your day with a burst of energy and flavor? Look no further. Breakfast smoothies are the perfect solutio...The Honey and Pollination center brought together a tasting panel of twenty, including trained tasters, beekeepers and food enthusiasts worked for nearly a year together with a sensory scientist to come up with almost 100 descriptors! Varietal Honey is All the Rage! Learn how to describe your honey tasting experience using the new Honey Flavor …The SCA Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel was developed by the SCA in collaboration with coffee experts and sensory scientists. The wheel is designed to provide a common language for coffee …Tasting notes: The cigar flavor wheel. Part of the joy of cigar smoking is sampling so many different flavors. Each cigar has a unique blended taste, with some cigar flavor profiles being stronger than others and some working cooperatively with the top notes for a delectable cigar smoking experience. Let’s …Nov 11, 2016 · The flavor wheel construction techniques used in this method created a suitable, intuitive flavor wheel to complement the Sensory Lexicon for the specialty coffee industry. However, there are ways to improve the process from the beginning if these methods are to be adopted for the construction of flavor wheels for other products. The Coffee Taster’s Emotion Wheel was developed based on The Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel (Spencer et al., 2016; SCA and WCR, 2016 ©), whose emotional terms referred to coffee consumption based on studies directed to Brazil and are systematically organized and clearly display the emotional profile of a …The new coffee flavor wheel now contains a whopping 110-word lexicon. In comparison, Sage says, most wheels contain just 30-60 words. That's one reason why Chambers is keen to present those words in a more open-ended way – that is, a tree. The idea isn't entirely novel. Back in the late 1980s, a scientist working on the flavor profile of …The 12 main categories of the Flavour Wheel are: Sweet, Floral, Fruity, Sour, Fermented, Spicy, Nutty, Chocolatey, Caramelised, Vegetative, Roasted, and Woody. Each category is represented by a colour and a … Lack of acid flavor, like a young Colby cheese. Fresh milky flavor, like a whole milk ricotta. Actually tastes sweet, like aged Gouda. (Many aged cheeses may produce compounds later in their life that actually taste sweet) Various. While sugar is rarely added to cheese, sometimes sweet taste is present. Flavor Profiles of 86 Distilleries. A few things to help you on your whisky tasting journey. Feel free to download the resources below before your next whisky tasting. Whisky Flavor Wheel Blank Flavor Wheel (aka: Macallan Nosing Wheel) Flavor Profiles of 86 Distilleries. The Beer Flavor Wheel is an interactive tool created specifically for brewers and tasters to identify types and characteristics of beers. It is based on the sensory analysis used in sensory science, beer stylistics, and beer evaluation. The Beer Flavor Wheel was developed by the Siebel Institute of Technology, the oldest brewing school in the ... 5 Oct 2023 ... The Coffee Flavor Wheel is hierarchically structured. At its center are the most generic taste categories, which branch out into more specific ...The essential honey aroma and flavor wheel and honey color chart on one full color sheet, 8.5" x 11" and printed on both sides on card stock weight paper. Easy to use, 9 flavor families and detailed descriptors to teach aroma and flavor descriptor in honey education for the connoisseur. Information on how to use this chart can be found in The Honey …Are you tired of the same old vanilla or chocolate cake? If you’re looking to add a unique twist to your baking repertoire, look no further than the black walnut cake recipe. When ...This fantastic “Taste Of Herbs Flavor Wheel” has been designed by one of the most popular herbalists in the world – Rosalee de la Forêt – in conjunction with LearningHerbs.com It reveals how to match different herbs to different flavors and the magical properties each of these herbs possess. For a limited time, the Taste Of Herbs … Lack of acid flavor, like a young Colby cheese. Fresh milky flavor, like a whole milk ricotta. Actually tastes sweet, like aged Gouda. (Many aged cheeses may produce compounds later in their life that actually taste sweet) Various. While sugar is rarely added to cheese, sometimes sweet taste is present. Nov 15, 2023 · The wheel and lexicon identify 110 flavor, aroma, and taste characteristics present in coffee, which allows tasters and coffee buyers insight into the flavors they want out of their cup of joe. So instead of tasting your coffee and guessing the flavors, you can now test your senses with an actual standard for comparison. OVERRIPE FERMENTED. COFFEE TASTER’S FLAVOR WHEEL CREATED USING THE SENSORY LEXICON DEVELOPED BY WORLD COFFEE RESEARCH. 2016 SCA AND WCR V.2. Whiskey Traits and Flavor Wheel Auburn Flame Mahogany, Henna Terracotta Pot Burnt amber Old oak Burnished Chestnut, Oloroso sherry Russet, Muscat Honey Tawny Carrot ... The wheel was not a wholly new concept. The Pentlands Scotch Whisky Research, now known as the Scotch Whisky Research Institute, created the first wheel in 1978. Purely aimed at the industry, it evaluated new-make spirit as well as single malt whisky, and also included 'off-notes'. In 1992 Charles attended a …Originally published in 1995, the Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel—one of the most iconic resources in the coffee industry—has been the industry standard for over two decades. In 2016, this valuable resource was …18 Jan 2016 ... Download the high resolution PDF version of the Counter Culture Coffee Taster's Flavour Wheel here and Taster's Fault (Defect) Wheel here. SEE ...Flavor is affected by both aroma (volatiles) and taste (non-volatiles) (Zhai et al. 2022). In 1987, Suffet et al. created the rst drinking water avor wheel containing both olfactory and gustatory ...Initially published in 1995, World Coffee Research created the "Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel," but it was updated by its collaborative efforts with the Specialty Coffee Association in 2016. Both institutions' work on this research became what is known as the World Coffee Research Sensory Lexicon, a study …11 May 2021 ... The lexicon identifies 110 flavour, aroma, and texture characteristics present in coffee, and provides references for measuring their intensity.Spice flavors can range from black pepper and clove to more savory flavors such as anise and spearmint. Rye is a robust 18% of the Woodford Reserve mashbill which adds to its complexity and balance. ... Bourbon Flavor Wheel Glossary of Bourbon & Whiskey Terms Neat: The Story of Bourbon (2018) Bourbon Brands. Heaven Hill …The new coffee flavor wheel now contains a whopping 110-word lexicon. In comparison, Sage says, most wheels contain just 30 to 60 words. That's one reason why Chambers is keen to present those ...The coffee flavour wheel is a chart created by the Speciality Coffee Association (SCA). Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel is a standarized method of identifying flavors in coffee. It …Posted by Chris Newsom on Aug 3rd 2020. The Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) and World Coffee Research designed the Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel as a tool for the coffee taster. Whether a casual taster or seasoned professional cupper, the flavor wheel will help you analyze and describe coffee. …The Science Behind the SCAA Flavor Wheel. Four Barrel Coffee describes their Rwanda Simbi as “an old white Mustang convertible covered in bumper stickers with tangerine and nectarine peels under the passenger seat.”. Unless every other roaster asks what Four Barrel is smoking and loads a bowl of …The Coffee Taster’s Emotion Wheel was developed based on The Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel (Spencer et al., 2016; SCA and WCR, 2016 ©), whose emotional terms referred to coffee consumption based on studies directed to Brazil and are systematically organized and clearly display the emotional profile of a …They may also use the Escoffier flavor wheel to assess the taste of what they made. The Escoffier flavor wheel. To make sure they’re properly equipped, online Culinary Arts and Baking & Pastry Arts students may receive a toolkit including a uniform, chef’s knives, pastry bags, and more. Exact toolkit supplies vary based on the program.Cigar Flavor Wheel for Cigar Reviews Author: Famous Smoke Shop Subject: Cigar Advisor has created a Flavor Wheel for Famous Smoke Shop Keywords: cigar flavor wheel, flavor wheel, tasting wheel, cigar tasting, cigar notes Created Date: 8/18/2017 9:11:47 AM The Flavor Wheel is a visual representation of the various flavors and aromas found in coffee. It consists of different sections, each representing a specific taste or aroma profile. These sections are further divided into subcategories, providing a comprehensive guide to understanding the complex flavors of coffee. The updated wine aroma wheel includes 4 primary taste categories and over 100 unique wine flavors found in both white and red wines. Free download. Lack of acid flavor, like a young Colby cheese. Fresh milky flavor, like a whole milk ricotta. Actually tastes sweet, like aged Gouda. (Many aged cheeses may produce compounds later in their life that actually taste sweet) Various. While sugar is rarely added to cheese, sometimes sweet taste is present. The coffee taster’s flavor wheel is a fun tool to help you taste, describe, and analyze coffee. Published in 1995 by the Specialty Coffee Association of America (SCA) and the World Coffee Research (WCR) organization, …Flavor wheel được ra đời năm 1995 và được update lại vào 2016, với bảng từ vựng (lexicon) đi kèm giúp người dùng hiểu và áp dụng Flavor wheel chính xác hơn.Chỉ nhìn vào Flavor wheel (hình dưới đây) là không đủ. Bảng từ vựng giúp bạn định nghĩa rõ mùi hương/vị mình cảm ... Click a hop characteristic to discover what flavor variety best meets your needs. Fruity. Stone Fruit. Tropical Fruit. Citrus. Floral. Spicy. Tobacco/Earthy. Cedar. ASBC Beer Flavor Wheel, Second Edition (single wheel) NEW! A timely update to a classic tasting tool! Reflects the current lexicon used by sensory panels. Laminated to provide protection during tastings. Provides a supplementary online component accessible via a QR code. Quantity discounts available for distribution to customers and colleagues! Whiskey Traits and Flavor Wheel Auburn Flame Mahogany, Henna Terracotta Pot Burnt amber Old oak Burnished Chestnut, Oloroso sherry Russet, Muscat Honey Tawny Carrot ... Initially published in 1995, World Coffee Research created the "Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel," but it was updated by its collaborative efforts with the Specialty Coffee Association in 2016. Both institutions' work on this research became what is known as the World Coffee Research Sensory Lexicon, a study …We asked him to explain the Tea Flavor Wheel. “What we see here is what we call a tea flavor wheel. We designed this wheel to help our students to determine the tastes and aromas in tea. It’s quite easy to use actually. You start at the very inside of the circle, and it’s quite easy for most tea drinkers to determine whether a tea is ...Cigar Flavor Wheel. 01. A cigar flavor wheel lets you quickly identify common flavor categories and subcategories in an easy-to-read format. There are many cigar flavor wheel variations, yet each generally features the same terminology and structure. Core flavors are near the center of the wheel and subcategories towards the outer edge.Sweet Aromatics · Caramel · Cocoa · Dark Chocolate · Honey · Marzipan · Molassis · Vanilla. Grain. Malt; Rye ...There is a process to using the Coffee Taster’s Flavour Wheel. Some parts of the chart will be closer to aromas, others to tastes, but most are a mixture of both. It’s important first of all to understand what is meant by “flavour”. It combines aroma (sensed by the nose) and taste (sensed by the mouth), making up a multi …Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami are five taste elements that build our overall perception of flavour. When each element is perfectly balanced - not only on the plate, but across an entire meal - the dining experience is lifted above and beyond. Mastering flavour balance takes an understanding of the process as a science and an art.Oct 7, 2020 · After years of refining and re-evaluating, the specialty coffee trade association dramatically re-imagined the taster’s wheel in 2016, just over 20 years since the original appeared. Today’s Coffee Taster’s Wheel contains more nuance, updated flavor descriptors, and a dynamic new design to make it easier and more comprehensive to use. Take It All In. The wheel is meant to be beautiful, like the greatest coffees …Our proposed e-liquid flavor wheel contains 13 main categories and 90 subcategories, which summarize flavor categories from literature to find a shared vocabulary. For classification of e-liquids ...Flavor wheel được ra đời năm 1995 và được update lại vào 2016, với bảng từ vựng (lexicon) đi kèm giúp người dùng hiểu và áp dụng Flavor wheel chính xác hơn.Chỉ nhìn vào Flavor wheel (hình dưới đây) là không đủ. Bảng từ vựng giúp bạn định nghĩa rõ mùi hương/vị mình cảm ...How to use the wheel. Start with the taste section. Make sure to note the oyster's salt content by using a brine scale of 0 to 5 (0 being no salt; 5 being full ocean salinity). Follow the wheel clockwise to note its texture and finish. An oyster may have multiple attributes in each section, so make sure you pay attention!Griyaloka Sektor I.1 Blok A1-36. Bumi Serpong Damai - South Tangerang. Banten - 15318. +62 21 5384 395. +62 21 5384 396. +62 21 5384 397. +62 21 537 1936 ( FAX ) Web Hosting Indonesia Terbaik Murah. NVMe VPS Hosting Indonesia Murah.Step 1: Creating the base diagram. We want two layers for our wheel diagram. The inner wheel has 4 segments and the outer wheel has 12 segments. The columns of values you enter in the worksheet go from inner to outer. Since we want 4 segments for the inner wheel, we divide the total number of angles in a circle i.e 360° by 4. We get 90°.Flavor Profiles of 86 Distilleries. A few things to help you on your whisky tasting journey. Feel free to download the resources below before your next whisky tasting. Whisky Flavor Wheel Blank Flavor Wheel (aka: Macallan Nosing Wheel) Flavor Profiles of 86 Distilleries.COFFEE FLAVOUR The Coffee Taster's Flavour Wheel English in large format for printing as a wall decal or large wall covering.Originally published in 1995, ...First introduced by SCA(A) in 1995, the coffee flavor wheel was completely reinvented, hub to spokes, in 2016. What you may be less familiar with is how the new coffee flavor wheel is based on crazy-serious research done by WCR, research that led to the publication of the Sensory Lexicon, currently available in version …The Counter Culture Coffee Taster's Flavor Wheel is a great tool to calibrate your palate. It provides a common language of descriptors for coffee, with references for sweets, fruits, spices, and much more. If there’s a flavor on the wheel you haven’t experienced, you can probably find a reference on the shelf of your local …Are you tired of the same old breakfast options? Looking for a delicious and nutritious way to start your day? Look no further than a fresh spinach and cheese quiche. Packed with f...Flavor wheels stem from lexicons, the carefully, often scientifically selected words used to describe a product, be it food, …They may also use the Escoffier flavor wheel to assess the taste of what they made. The Escoffier flavor wheel. To make sure they’re properly equipped, online Culinary Arts and Baking & Pastry Arts students may receive a toolkit including a uniform, chef’s knives, pastry bags, and more. Exact toolkit supplies vary based on the program.The Specialty Coffee Association of America, in partnership with World Coffee Research, recently launched the new Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel, a document containing a …Spice flavors can range from black pepper and clove to more savory flavors such as anise and spearmint. Rye is a robust 18% of the Woodford Reserve mashbill which adds to its complexity and balance. ... Bourbon Flavor Wheel Glossary of Bourbon & Whiskey Terms Neat: The Story of Bourbon (2018) Bourbon Brands. Heaven Hill … The SCA Coffee Taster’s Flavor Wheel was developed by the SCA in collaboration with coffee experts and sensory scientists. The wheel is designed to provide a common language for coffee professionals and enthusiasts to use when evaluating and describing the taste and aroma of coffee. It consists of 12 main categories, each of which is further ... Click a hop characteristic to discover what flavor variety best meets your needs. Fruity. Stone Fruit. Tropical Fruit. Citrus. Floral. Spicy. Tobacco/Earthy. Cedar. To keep things organized and create a systematic approach to tequila tasting we have pulled notes of thousands of tequila tastings and organized them in scientific order. The tequila tasting wheel created by the team at Patrón is unique and differs from typical flavor wheel of whiskey or cognac. It is meant to be used from the inside out: at ...Feel free to reference our tea flavor and aroma wheel when you wish to do a tea tasting of your loose leaf tea.We recommend keeping a tea journal and going through the many infusions of the …Understanding bike geometry numbers and how they affect the ride quality with the Bicycle Flavor Wheel! Book a BikeWhisperer Session! https://pathlesspedal...Are you tired of serving the same old scrambled eggs and bacon at your brunches? If so, it’s time to explore new horizons and add some international flavors to your breakfast brunc... The Meilgaard Flavor Wheel is broken into taste and odor. Together, these constitute flavor, with odor playing an enormous role in what you perceive as flavor. By comparison, the 5 components that are identified on the tongue as taste are sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami, complicated by the “feel” on the tongue and within the mouth ...
The wheel is an invaluable tool for coffee professionals. Born to create a common vocabulary for tasters to use during cupping, it was based on similar wheels .... Low carb food near me
The "color wheel" of flavors I found to be useless. The copy without a seam from the binding is not even in color. Furthermore, the typeface on that copy is so small as to be unreadable for me without a magnifying glass. Aesthetics aside, the flavor wheel seems primarily presented to demonstrate that the author can …What is the Coffee Flavor Wheel? The Coffee taster’s flavor wheel results from a collaboration of the Specialty Coffee Association and the World Coffee Research. At the very heart, this …Download my free printable coffee tasting flavor wheel pdf below. When I started out my coffee tasting journey I kept a digital note of all the coffees that I would taste. I would have loved to have a resource like this available but only found coffee tasting flavor wheels that were meant for printing and hanging up, as …2. Materials and Methods. To build the semantic database for flavors, we use key words documented in the following sources: (1) the e-cigarette flavor wheel created by Krüsemann et al. (2019) [], which defined the main categories and subcategories of flavors (e.g., fruit, sweet, etc.); (2) WordNet [], a large lexical database of …Tasting notes: The cigar flavor wheel. Part of the joy of cigar smoking is sampling so many different flavors. Each cigar has a unique blended taste, with some cigar flavor profiles being stronger than others and some working cooperatively with the top notes for a delectable cigar smoking experience. Let’s … An intro to the flavor wheels. Flavor is a personal thing. Everyone creates their own unique flavor memory based on the different tastes and aromatics they have experienced throughout their life. Free downloadable guide and flavor wheel to help you to get creative with your non-alcoholic offering and produce low and no cocktails that blow your guests ...The Cigar Guys Flavor Wheel Guide to Using a Cigar Flavor Wheel for Consumers As a cigar enthusiast, whether you're a seasoned smoker or a newcomer, understanding and appreciating the complex flavors in a cigar can significantly enhance your smoking experience. A cigar flavor wheel is an invaluable tool in this journey. Here's a guide…Keep the Flour Tasting Wheel handy for all your culinary adventures! This matte poster, featuring art work by Stacy Michelson in Chef Roses debut cookbook ...May 31, 2013 · Earth – a cigar that is described as earthy can have a few flavor components to it like soil (dirt), must, and even some deep vegetal flavors like moss and loam. I find this component most in Nicaraguan cigars. Lead – tastes like, well, lead. Embellished as pencil lead or graphite. The Whiskey Flavor Wheel is like a cheat sheet for your taste buds. It breaks down the complex flavors of whiskey into a simple and organized diagram. Think of it as a map that guides you through the whiskey tasting experience. Each section of the wheel represents a different flavor category, from fruity and floral to smoky and spicy.In 1996, a study was released showing that different fruitières produce Comté with distinctly different aromatic profiles according to where they’re located. Comté wheels produced in the same region share certain flavors and aromas while wheels made in different regions have markedly different flavor profiles. The time of yearTea Flavour Wheel. The Tea Flavour Wheel is one of our proudest achievements at Australian Tea Masters. As such, we have recently been taking part in an initiative to translate this resource into a variety of different languages other than its original language, English. This is not just to cater for our international students, but for … To use the coffee flavor wheel, start from the centre and try to identify the most basic flavors first. Then move outwards and gradually get more specific looking into more nuanced flavors. Doing that, think about what the tastes in coffee you can find. Using the coffee flavor wheel as a prompt. Start from one general section, then working your ... 18 May 2016 ... Originally developed in rudimentary form in 1995, the SCAA released a new version at the beginning of the year that updates and codifies a ....