INTRODUCTION. Complications of aortic aneurysmal disease (thoracic and abdominal) are a leading cause of death in the United States, particularly in individuals …Abstract. Thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and for the cardiovascular imager, is predominantly encountered in 4 settings: 1) incidentally, for example, during a coronary artery calcium scan; 2) as part of dedicated screening; 3) in the evaluation of an embolic event; or 4) in procedural ...Objective Tortuosity in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) comes with aging and increases the risk of endoleaks after TEVAR. With this report, we would like to define and classify tortuosity in the DTA of patients with thoracic aortic disease. Methods Retrospective case–control study of two hundred seven patients, comparing sixty-nine …Jun 1, 2019 · 1. Introduction. In a 2016 statement, the guidelines for the diagnosis and management of patients with thoracic aortic disease was amended to recommend prophylactic repair of the ascending aorta in asymptomatic patients with bicuspid aortic valves (BAV) when the maximum aortic diameter is >5 cm and patients have other risk factors for aortic dissection, such as hypertension, a family history ... Tortuous aorta: Usually implies atherosclerotic or other degenerative vascular disease. Answered 5/18/2019. 4.8k views. Thank. Dr. J mark Rheudasil answered. Specializes in. plaque: Often associated with mild atherosclerosis and age.Introduction: Tortuosity in the descending thoracic aorta is becoming more important since thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is the gold standard for treating thoracic aortic disease. The literature reports that tortuosity has an influence on the occurrence of endoleaks1. There is some literature defining the angulation and tortuosity of the aortic arch. Recently, a new ...In addition to length, diameter, and volume of the aorta, ascending aortic and thoracic aortic tortuosity were examined, as well as arch vessel angulation in hypertensive adults with and without Type B aortic dissection. ... Mild tortuosity is also apparent in Turner syndrome, and was associated with more significant aortopathy. Studies ...Those who even mildly deviate from the state-approved line on the Hong Kong protests could see their information—and that of their family members—shared online. C, a mainland Chine...The finding of a mildly dilated aorta is not uncommon on routine imaging of the heart. Examination of the aortic root, ascending aorta and aortic arch is part of the standard reporting for echocardiographers. This paper reviews aortic disease with specific focus on diagnosis, management and further investigations.The ascending thoracic aorta is mildly ectatic 3.7cm in diameter. the remaining visualized thoracic aorta is within normal limits. is there any problem? 2 doctors weighed in across 2 answers. ... What is "tortuous thoracic aorta and is it serious? A doctor has provided 1 answer. A member asked:A 2021 study suggests that the average diameter of the thoracic aorta is about 2.9–3.7 cm in females and about 3.1–3.9 cm in males. How is this different from other sized aortic aneurysms?Objective: As elastin fibres in the aorta deteriorate with age, the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) becomes longer and more tortuous. In patients with DTA aneurysms, this increased tortuosity may result in a hostile haemodynamic environment for thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR). The objective of this study was to analyse how increased ...A 2021 study suggests that the average diameter of the thoracic aorta is about 2.9–3.7 cm in females and about 3.1–3.9 cm in males. How is this different from other sized aortic aneurysms?The aortic arch is enlarged, and there is a very large aneurysm of the entire descending thoracic aorta visible lateral to the heart shadow and posterior to it. Figure 7-7. Posteroanterior radiograph and contrast aortogram of a luetic aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Figure 7-8. Anteroposterior radiograph and aortogram. An aneurysm may occur because of a localized weakness of the artery wall (saccular). Enlargement of the aorta may be only mild in degree (ectasia). When a weak area of your thoracic aorta expands or bulges, it is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Approximately 25 percent of aortic aneurysms occur in the chest and the rest occur in the ... Aortic unfolding. ‘Unfolding’ of the aorta – a common X-ray finding in elderly patients – is a phenomenon which arises due to elongation of the ascending aorta with age. It is not usually considered a pathological finding in itself and should not be mistaken for an aortic aneurysm. It is often associated with calcification of the aorta ...An aneurysm may occur because of a localized weakness of the artery wall (saccular). Enlargement of the aorta may be only mild in degree (ectasia). When a weak area of your thoracic aorta expands or bulges, it is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA). Approximately 25 percent of aortic aneurysms occur in the chest and the rest occur in …anatomic view of the aorta in a plane perpen-dicular to blood flow. The double oblique method corrects the oblique course of the ascending aorta along with accounting for aortic tortuosity.17,18 This technique is the standardized approach recommended in guideline statements, as nonstandard ap-proaches to measurements may lead to unre-Tortuous aorta: Usually implies atherosclerotic or other degenerative vascular disease. Created for people with ongoing healthcare needs but benefits everyone. plaque: Often associated with mild atherosclerosis and age.tortuous aorta symptoms?: Depends on severity: A twisted or distorted aorta can cause blood flow.It brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. An aortic aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the aorta. Over time, the blood vessel swells. Then it is at risk for bursting (rupture) or separating (dissection). This can cause life-threatening bleeding and possibly death.Yes, you can live with an aortic aneurysm, and there are many ways to prevent dissection (splitting of the blood vessel wall that causes blood to leak) or worse, a rupture (a burst aneurysm). Some aortic aneurysms are hereditary or congenital, such as bicuspid aortic valve, infection or inflammatory conditions. Others relate to personal habits.The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30°), moderate (30° – 60°) and high (> 60°). A linear regression …Treatment. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are bulges (dilations) in the wall of the aorta in the part that passes through the chest (thorax). Thoracic aortic aneurysms may not cause symptoms, or they may cause pain, coughing, and wheezing. Thoracic aortic aneurysms sometimes rupture, which causes excruciating pain (beginning high in the back and ...There is mild tortuosity of the common iliac artery and minimal atheromatous plaque disease. B: Curved planar reformation of the abdominal aorta and left common and external iliac arteries. Minimal tortuosity and atheromatous wall thickening of the left common iliac artery. A fusiform infrarenal aneurysm with lining …INTRODUCTION. Complications of aortic aneurysmal disease (thoracic and abdominal) are a leading cause of death in the United States, particularly in individuals … A tortuous aorta may be characterized as a twisted, curved, enlarged or narrowed blood vessel of the heart. An underlying cause of the distorted shape may be due to a build up of fatty tissue that collects on the walls of the vessels or, it may be a finding from birth. Jul 13, 2023 · Anatomy of the thoracic aorta — The aorta is the major arterial conduit conveying blood from the heart to the systemic circulation. It originates immediately beyond the aortic valve and ascends initially, then curves, forming the aortic arch, and descends caudally adjacent to the spine. The finding of a mildly dilated aorta is not uncommon on routine imaging of the heart. Examination of the aortic root, ascending aorta and aortic arch is part of the standard reporting for echocardiographers. ... Mild tortuosity and looping of the head and neck vessels in a young patient with confirmed TGFBR1 mutation and (B) marked …Plaque smaller than 1 millimeter in diameter is considered “mild” and carries a lower risk of complications. Talk with your provider about how the severity of plaque buildup in your aorta and what that means for you.The finding of a mildly dilated aorta is not uncommon on routine imaging of the heart. Examination of the aortic root, ascending aorta and aortic arch is part of the standard reporting for echocardiographers. This paper reviews aortic disease with specific focus on diagnosis, management and further investigations.Currently, noninvasive imaging of the thoracic aorta cannot distinguish the intima from the media, but the pattern of calcification may alert the clinician to an underlying diagnosis 20, 21.Although there is overlap in the pathology of neointimal and medial calcification 21, 22, patchy calcification may indicate more typical atherosclerosis.. …It brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. An aortic aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the aorta. Over time, the blood vessel swells. Then it is at risk for bursting (rupture) or separating (dissection). This can cause life-threatening bleeding and possibly death.Radiographic features. To be classified as dolichoectasia, in the vertebrobasilar system, the basilar arterial diameter should be >4.5 mm 1. Smoker's criteria uses three quantitative measures of basilar artery morphology: basilar artery diameter, laterality, and height of bifurcation 9.. Internal carotid artery dolichoectasia is particularly …The neck of the aneurysm measured 6.7 cm x 4.0 cm, and the overall area measured 8.3 cm x 7.2 cm x 2.3 cm. Gated CT of the aorta with contrast further confirmed the size and location of the aneurysm (Figure 3). Three-dimensional reconstruction of the aneurysm from the Gated CT of the aorta is shown in Figure 4. There was no evidence of aortic ...Abstract. Thoracic aortic calcification (TAC) is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, and for the cardiovascular imager, is predominantly encountered in 4 settings: 1) incidentally, for example, during a coronary artery calcium scan; 2) as part of dedicated screening; 3) in the evaluation of an embolic event; or 4) in procedural ...Q25.46. ICD-10 code Q25.46 for Tortuous aortic arch is a medical classification as listed by WHO under the range - Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities .A tortuous thoracic aorta is serpentine in its shape or path, according to Yale University School of Medicine. The thoracic aorta is the portion of the descending aorta above the d...Having trouble saving money? Check out these Ocean's 11 money lessons and see what Danny Ocean can teach you about saving while on a budget. Art by Jonan Everett Art by Jonan Evere...Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is characterized by widespread elongation and tortuosity of the aorta and mid-sized arteries as well as focal stenosis of segments of the pulmonary arteries and/or aorta combined with findings of a generalized connective tissue disorder, which may include soft or doughy hyperextensible skin, joint …Citation, DOI, disclosures and article data. The aortic knob or knuckle refers to the frontal chest x-ray appearance of the distal aortic arch as it curves posterolaterally to continue as the descending thoracic aorta. It appears as a laterally-projecting bulge, as the medial aspect of the aorta cannot be seen separate from the mediastinum.An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a portion of an artery due to weakness in the wall of the blood vessel. An aneurysm is an abnormal widening or ballooning of a ...Asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy, also known as Jeune syndrome, is an inherited disorder of bone growth characterized by a narrow chest, short ribs, shortened bones in the arms and ...Aortic atherosclerosis correlates with disease burden in other major arteries such as coronaries and carotids, with several histologic similarities. Autopsy studies have shown similar atherosclerotic plaque burden across arterial beds in a single patient. 1 In the aorta, there tends to be increasing atherosclerosis distally, with the formation ...The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30 ̊), moder-ate (30 ̊ – 60 ̊) and high (> 60 ̊). A linear regression model was built to test the effect of age and gender on tortuosity.What is the meaning of a’mildly tortuous aorta’? Tortuous aorta is characterized as a twisted, curved, enlarged or narrowed blood vessel of the heart. An underlying cause of the distorted shape may be due to a build up of fatty tissue that collects on the walls of the vessels or, it may be a finding from birth.Thoracic aortic aneurysms ...There is mild tortuosity of the common iliac artery and minimal atheromatous plaque disease. B: Curved planar reformation of the abdominal aorta and left common and external iliac arteries. Minimal tortuosity and atheromatous wall thickening of the left common iliac artery. A fusiform infrarenal aneurysm with lining …Key Points. Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) is a ≥ 50% increase in diameter of the thoracic aorta. TAAs may dissect, compress, or erode into adjacent structures, cause thromboembolism, leak, or rupture. Median diameter at aneurysm rupture is 6 cm for ascending aneurysms and 7 cm for descending aneurysms.Thoracic aorta. The thoracic aorta begins where the left ventricle ends at the aortic valve and continues down through the chest. A weakening of the artery wall in this region is called a thoracic aortic aneurysm. A healthy aorta is about 1 inch (2.5 centimeters [cm]) wide, or about the diameter of a garden hose.I77.819 is a billable/specific ICD-10-CM code that can be used to indicate a diagnosis for reimbursement purposes. The 2024 edition of ICD-10-CM I77.819 became effective on October 1, 2023. This is the American ICD-10-CM version of I77.819 - other international versions of ICD-10 I77.819 may differ.Aortic tortuosity was defined as the length of the midline in the aorta divided by the length of linear line from the aortic root to the distal end of the thoraco-abdominal aorta. In simple correlation analyses, baPWV was correlated with aortic calcification ( r = 0.36, P < .001) and tortuosity ( r = 0.16, P = .030). In some health conditions, the arteries in the heart may be twisted. The heart arteries are called the coronary arteries. Twisted arteries also are called tortuous arteries. There is a problem with information submitted for this request. Review/update the information highlighted below and resubmit ... Objective Tortuosity in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) comes with aging and increases the risk of endoleaks after TEVAR. With this report, we would like to define and classify tortuosity in the DTA of patients with thoracic aortic disease. Methods Retrospective case–control study of two hundred seven patients, comparing sixty-nine controls without aortic disease (CG), to sixty-nine ...A tortuous aorta (meaning excessively twisted and turned) is often seen in older people. Although this is a sign of aging, it may not mean that it is causing or will cause any problems. However it ...Jun 30, 2009 · Abstract. Dysphagia aortica is difficulty in swallowing caused by extrinsic compression of the esophagus due to an ectatic, tortuous, or aneurysmatic atherosclerotic thoracic aorta. This condition is very uncommon, and it is usually associated with old age, women with short stature, hypertension, and kyphosis. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.Sometimes, it can lie lateral to the paraortic line along the lower descending thoracic aorta. It occurs on 31% to 41% of frontal CXRs, more frequently than the right paraspinal line as the result of the presence of the descending thoracic aorta on the left, which enhance the tangential contact of the lung-mediastinum interface.The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30°), moderate (30° – 60°) and high (> 60°). A linear regression model was built to test the effect of age and gender on tortuosity.Morphometric measurements, including measurements of segmental length and tortuosity, were performed on three-dimensional models of the thoracic aorta. Results The length of the thoracic aorta was significantly related to age (r=0.54) and increased by 59 mm (males) or 66 mm (females) between the ages of 20 and 80 years. Elongation was most ...Quantifying microcalcification activity in the thoracic aorta Journal of Nuclear Cardiology , 10.1007/s12350-020-02458-w , 29 (3) : 1372-1385 , Online publication date: 1-Jun-2022 . Patients with diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis have an increased burden of thoracic aortic calcificationsA thoracic aortic aneurysm or TAA for short is a swelling or bulging of the aorta in the chest. What are the symptoms of a thoracic aortic aneurysm? A thoracic aneurysm is …The management of thoracic aortic aneurysm is reviewed here. The etiology, natural history, clinical features, and diagnosis of TAA, as well as specific techniques for repair of the thoracic aorta, are discussed separately. (See "Epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and natural history of thoracic aortic aneurysm and … Dilated aortic root. Ectasia of thoracic aorta. ICD-10-CM I77.810 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group (s) (MS-DRG v41.0): 299 Peripheral vascular disorders with mcc. 300 Peripheral vascular disorders with cc. 301 Peripheral vascular disorders without cc/mcc. Convert I77.810 to ICD-9-CM. A tortuous aorta (meaning excessively twisted and turned) is often seen in older people. Although this is a sign of aging, it may not mean that it is causing or will cause any problems. However it ...Nov 2, 2022 · The new guidance published Wednesday in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology and the AHA journal Circulation. There are different types of aortic disease. For example, the aorta's walls can weaken and bulge, causing an aneurysm, or they can tear, causing an aortic dissection. Symptoms include chest pain or pressure, back pain ... We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us.This is a tear between the inner and outer layers of the aorta wall. The tear can cause the wall to separate and burst. This can cause serious bleeding. Limb ischemia (say "iss-KEE-mee-yuh"). This means that your limb, usually a leg, is not getting enough oxygen. It happens when a blood clot moves from the aorta to an artery in a leg.Aortic unfolding. ‘Unfolding’ of the aorta – a common X-ray finding in elderly patients – is a phenomenon which arises due to elongation of the ascending aorta with age. It is not usually considered a pathological finding in itself and should not be mistaken for an aortic aneurysm. It is often associated with calcification of the aorta ...Dysphagia aortica is a difficulty in swallowing caused by extrinsic compression of the esophagus due to an ectatic, tortuous, or aneurysmatic atherosclerotic thoracic aorta. This condition is very uncommon, and it is usually associated with old age, women with short stature, hypertension, and kyphosis. The ascending thoracic aorta arises from the aortic valve annulus to the right of the midline and arches in a parasagittal plane to the left of the trachea to descend in the left paravertebral region, exiting the thorax via the diaphragmatic hiatus (Figure 1a). The aortic sinus is a focal annular bulge in the aortic contour which arises distal ... Treatment. Thoracic aortic aneurysms are bulges (dilations) in the wall of the aorta in the part that passes through the chest (thorax). Thoracic aortic aneurysms may not cause symptoms, or they may cause pain, coughing, and wheezing. Thoracic aortic aneurysms sometimes rupture, which causes excruciating pain (beginning high in the back and ...A tortuous aorta is a type of aorta that is considered abnormal. It is physically abnormal in structure causing an abnormal path or shape. A tortuous thoracic aorta is an aorta that is twisted or ...She’s the lil ol’ convection oven that could, and we love her for it. This year felt, in many ways, like a repeat of the one that came before it. Covid is still around, our healthc...Several heart disorders can lead to mild cardiomegaly: High blood pressure: High blood pressure (hypertension) is the most frequent cause of an enlarged heart. High blood pressure makes it …Sep 9, 2019 · Tortuous arteries and veins are commonly observed in humans and animals. While mild tortuosity is asymptomatic, severe tortuosity can lead to ischemic attack in distal organs. Clinical observations have linked tortuous arteries and veins with aging, atherosclerosis, hypertension, genetic defects and diabetes mellitus. Arterial tortuosity syndrome is a disorder that affects connective tissue. Connective tissue provides strength and flexibility to structures throughout the body, including blood vessels, skin, joints, and the gastrointestinal tract. As its name suggests, arterial tortuosity syndrome is characterized by blood vessel abnormalities, particularly ... Dilation of the ascending aorta entails a high risk of dissection or aortic rupture in the absence of surgical treatment. Overall, it represents 50% of all thoracic aneurysms, but can be separated into two distinct entities, according to aetiology and surgical management: (1) the aortic root aneurysm, concerning the initial portion, the so called “aortic root”, that …Jul 7, 2022 · A tortuous aorta (meaning excessively twisted and turned) is often seen in older people. Although this is a sign of aging, it may not mean that it is causing or will cause any problems. However it can indicate an increased risk for other aortic diseases, such as aortic aneurysm. What is mild tortuosity thoracic aorta? Thoracic Aortic Diseases. The aorta is the largest artery in the human body and is connected to the left ventricle of the heart. It sends the blood pumped by the heart through many branches that carry blood to all of the organs of the body. Aortic diseases can affect people at any age. They are complex illnesses that must be continually monitored.Dizziness or lightheadedness. Rapid heart rate. Sudden, severe chest pain, abdominal pain or back pain. Finding an aortic aneurysm before it ruptures offers your best chance of recovery. As an aortic aneurysm grows, you might notice symptoms including: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath.
Apr 12, 2024 · Arterial tortuosity syndrome can potentially cause severe life-threatening complications during infancy or early childhood, although individuals with milder symptoms have also been described. Arterial tortuosity syndrome is caused by variants in the SLC2A10 gene and is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. Introduction. . 7490 old national hwy
Discussion. The relationship between aortic calcification and coronary atherosclerosis remains contentious. One study has shown a strong relationship between extra-coronary plaque in the aorta and coronary artery disease [].Bogalusa Heart Study showed that the severity of asymptomatic coronary and thoracic aortic plaques increase …Objective Tortuosity in the descending thoracic aorta (DTA) comes with aging and increases the risk of endoleaks after TEVAR. With this report, we would like to define and classify tortuosity in the DTA of patients with thoracic aortic disease. Methods Retrospective case–control study of two hundred seven patients, comparing sixty-nine controls without aortic disease (CG), to sixty-nine ...There are different types of aortic disease. For example, the aorta's walls can weaken and bulge, causing an aneurysm, or they can tear, causing an aortic dissection. Symptoms include chest pain or …Herein, we describe a 21-month-old girl with PHACE syndrome (posterior fossa hemangiomas, arterial lesions, cardiac anomalies/coarctation of the aorta, and eye anomalies) who presented with a tortuous extensive aortic arch aneurysm. As the maximum short diameter of the distal aortic arch aneurysm expanded rapidly from 21 mm …1 Jan 2019 ... An aneurysm has been defined as a permanent localized dilation of an artery having at least a 50% increase in diameter compared to the expected ...This decision has been informed by both our internal discussions and the Society for Vascular Surgery guidelines (Table). 13 Surgery for most patients with isolated descending thoracic or abdominal aortic aneurysms <6.5 cm and patients with root, ascending, or arch aneurysms <6.0 cm has been postponed until the surge has passed, …The descending thoracic aorta (DTA) was analyzed and was divided into four zones of equal length. Subjects were divided into three groups based on their maximum tortuosity value: low (< 30°), moderate (30° – 60°) and high (> 60°). A linear regression …Abnormal vascular structures like a severe tortuous thoracic aorta occasionally can be confused with a lung mass or neoplasm. The most common cause of aortic disease mimicking lung mass on CXR is an aortic aneurysm (1). Some cases have reported an intervention or even an operation being performed. The symptoms of …The aortic arch is enlarged, and there is a very large aneurysm of the entire descending thoracic aorta visible lateral to the heart shadow and posterior to it. Figure 7-7. Posteroanterior radiograph and contrast aortogram of a luetic aneurysm of the ascending aorta. Figure 7-8. Anteroposterior radiograph and aortogram.It brings oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body. An aortic aneurysm is a bulging, weakened area in the wall of the aorta. Over time, the blood vessel swells. Then it is at risk for bursting (rupture) or separating (dissection). This can cause life-threatening bleeding and possibly death.Thoracic aortic aneurysm. A thoracic aortic aneurysm occurs along the part of the aorta that passes through the chest cavity. Some people may have both types of aortic aneurysms. Having an aortic aneurysm increases the risk of developing a tear in the inner layer of the wall of the aorta. This tear is called an aortic dissection.Global view of 3-D rendered image of aorta in thoracic and abdominal part with extremely tortuous course of the thoracic aorta. Uneven caliber of the pulmonary artery is observed (empty arrow). The other group of vessels affected in ATS is that of pulmonary arteries which tend to show areas of narrowing and dilatation. Arterial tortuosity syndrome is a disorder that affects connective tissue. Connective tissue provides strength and flexibility to structures throughout the body, including blood vessels, skin, joints, and the gastrointestinal tract. As its name suggests, arterial tortuosity syndrome is characterized by blood vessel abnormalities, particularly ... Apr 23, 2019 · Background Aging changes the aorta in length, tortuosity and diameter. This is relevant in thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and in the long term follow up. Methods and results Two groups of hundred patients < 65 years and hundred patients ≥ 65 years, with no vascular diseases were made. Thin cut CT scans were analyzed with 3Mensio Vascular software and the following measurements ... An ascending aortic aneurysm is a bulging area in the first part of the aorta, the main artery in your body. An aneurysm is a weak spot in a blood vessel wall. Aneurysms can tear or rupture (break open) and cause severe, life-threatening internal bleeding. These aneurysms are also called ascending thoracic aortic aneurysms (ATAAs) since they ...In addition to length, diameter, and volume of the aorta, ascending aortic and thoracic aortic tortuosity were examined, as well as arch vessel angulation in hypertensive adults with and without Type B aortic dissection. ... Mild tortuosity is also apparent in Turner syndrome, and was associated with more significant aortopathy. Studies ...Sometimes, it can lie lateral to the paraortic line along the lower descending thoracic aorta. It occurs on 31% to 41% of frontal CXRs, more frequently than the right paraspinal line as the result of the presence of the descending thoracic aorta on the left, which enhance the tangential contact of the lung-mediastinum interface..
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