1 in python - Python is a powerful and widely used programming language that is known for its simplicity and versatility. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer, it is crucial to...

 
May 18, 2022 · In this tutorial, you’ll learn how to use Python to find prime numbers, either by checking if a single value is a prime number or finding all prime numbers in a range of values.Prime numbers are numbers that have no factors other than 1 and the number itself. Being able to work with prime numbers is a common task in occupations such as …. Penny free slots

Some python adaptations include a high metabolism, the enlargement of organs during feeding and heat sensitive organs. It’s these heat sensitive organs that allow pythons to identi...Sep 18, 2023 · basics python. In Python, operators are special symbols, combinations of symbols, or keywords that designate some type of computation. You can combine objects and operators to build …Mar 13, 2024 · 1. Operator precedence Table in Python: f (args…) {key: value…} When we have more than one operator, the one with higher precedence will be evaluated first. From the above table, we can see that parentheses will be evaluated first and lambda at the last. 2.Dec 20, 2023 · bool () is a built-in function of Python programming language. It is used to convert any other data type value (string, integer, float, etc) into a boolean data type. Unmute. ×. boolean data type can store only 2 values: True and False. False Values: 0, NULL, empty lists, tuples, dictionaries, etc. True Values: All other values will return true.Mar 19, 2024 · Python Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In Python 3.x the result of division is a floating-point while in Python 2.x division of 2 integers was an integer. Aug 20, 2023 · Python dictionary is an unordered collection of data that stores data in the format of key:value pair. It is like hash tables in any other language with the time complexity of O(1). Indexing of Python Dictionary is done with the help of keys. These are of any hashable type i.e. an object whose can never change like strings, numbers, tuples, etc.Nov 21, 2023 · Method 1: Python create matrix using lists. Creating a matrix using a list in Python is straightforward. We can create a matrix as a list of lists, where each inner list represents a row in the matrix. Example: Here’s an example code to create a matrix in Python and a function to verify if a given list of lists is a matrix.Apr 23, 2021 · Python 是一种解释型面向对象的语言Python的语法和动态类型,以及解释性语言的本质,使它成为多数平台上写脚本和快速开发应用的编程语言单引号定义法:双引号定义法:三引号定义法:其中,单引号定义法,可以内含双引号;双引号定义法,可以内含单引号;并且可以使用转义字符(\)来将引号 ...Sep 18, 2023 · That evaluates to 1, which is truthy. At that point, Python stops the evaluation because it already knows that the entire expression is truthy. Consequently, Python returns 1 as the value of the expression and never evaluates the remaining operands, f(2) and f(3). You can confirm from the output that the f(2) and f(3) calls don’t occur. Mar 4, 2024 · Installation instructions for Miniconda can be found here. The next step is to create a new conda environment. A conda environment is like a virtualenv that allows you to specify a specific version of Python and set of libraries. Run the following commands from a terminal window. conda create -c conda-forge -n name_of_my_env python pandas.Nov 21, 2023 · Method 1: Python create matrix using lists. Creating a matrix using a list in Python is straightforward. We can create a matrix as a list of lists, where each inner list represents a row in the matrix. Example: Here’s an example code to create a matrix in Python and a function to verify if a given list of lists is a matrix.Dec 12, 2018 ... ' In general, the lack of a required statement termination character simplifies script writing in Python. There is, however, one complication: ...Dec 27, 2023 · In Python, Logical operators are used on conditional statements (either True or False). They perform Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical NOT operations. OPERATOR. DESCRIPTION. SYNTAX. Example. and. Returns True if both the operands are true. x and y. 14 hours ago · W3Schools offers free online tutorials, references and exercises in all the major languages of the web. Covering popular subjects like HTML, CSS, JavaScript, Python, SQL, Java, and many, many more.Mar 13, 2024 · 1. Operator precedence Table in Python: f (args…) {key: value…} When we have more than one operator, the one with higher precedence will be evaluated first. From the above table, we can see that parentheses will be evaluated first and lambda at the last. 2.May 9, 2019 · 深入理解Python中的None. Python中的None是一个经常被用到的知识点,但是很多人对于None的内涵把握的还是不够精确,今天就和我一起好好理解下这个小知识点吧。. 1.None表示空,但它不等于空字符串、空列表,也不等同于False,通过下面的代码进行验证。. 2.在写代码 ...In Python, “strip” is a method that eliminates specific characters from the beginning and the end of a string. By default, it removes any white space characters, such as spaces, ta...Dec 10, 2021 · 知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业、友善的社区氛围、独特的产品机制以及结构化和易获得的优质内容,聚集了中文互联网科技、商业、影视 ...Aug 3, 2022 · Performing multiplication of two vectors. In a Vector multiplication, the elements of vector 1 get multiplied by the elements of vector 2 and the product vector is of the same length as of the multiplying vectors. Let us try to visualize the multiplication operation: x = [10,20] and y = [1,2] are two vectors. So the product vector would be v [ ],In Python, “strip” is a method that eliminates specific characters from the beginning and the end of a string. By default, it removes any white space characters, such as spaces, ta... Python Identity Operators. Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory location: Operator. Description. Example. Try it. is. Returns True if both variables are the same object. x is y. Nov 7, 2023 · Matplotlib: Visualization with Python. Matplotlib is a comprehensive library for creating static, animated, and interactive visualizations in Python. Matplotlib makes easy things easy and hard things possible. Create publication quality plots . Make interactive figures that can zoom, pan, update. Customize visual style and layout .Dec 24, 2020 · a+=1 is a += 1, where += is a single operator meaning the same as a = a + 1. a=+1 is a = + 1, which assigns + 1 to the variable without using the original value of a. It really depends on the type of object that a references. The += is a single operator, an augmented assignment operator, that invokes a=a.__add__ (1), for immutables. Python is a versatile programming language that is widely used for its simplicity and readability. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced developer, mini projects in Python c...Mar 19, 2024 · Python For Loop with a step size. This code uses a for loop in conjunction with the range () function to generate a sequence of numbers starting from 0, up to (but not including) 10, and with a step size of 2. For each number in the sequence, the loop prints its value using the print () function. The output will show the numbers 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8. Jul 17, 2021 · The fact that I can type does not mean that I can "python", I really like gnibbler's answer over for-messy-things. Thanks everyone for your answers and -- keep things simple, special thanks to gnibbler. Python supports a wide range of arithmetic operators that you can use when working with numbers in your code. One of these operators is the modulo operator ( % ), which …3 days ago · 文章浏览阅读3次。可以用循环和判断语句来实现: ```python sum = 0 for i in range(1, 101): if i % 2 == 0: # 判断是否为偶数 本硬件系统设计的目的是利用单片机技术, …Oct 27, 2021 · The operator is placed between two numbers, such as number_1 ** number_2, where number_1 is the base and number_2 is the power to raise the first number to. The Python exponent operator works with both int and float datatypes, returning a float if any of the numbers are floats. If all the numbers are integers, then it returns an integer. In this tutorial, you’ll explore regular expressions, also known as regexes, in Python. A regex is a special sequence of characters that defines a pattern for complex string-matching functionality. Earlier in this series, in the tutorial Strings and Character Data in Python, you learned how to define and manipulate string objects.Jan 25, 2024 · This scaling is omitted if cov='unscaled', as is relevant for the case that the weights are w = 1/sigma, with sigma known to be a reliable estimate of the uncertainty. Returns: p ndarray, shape (deg + 1,) or (deg + 1, K) Polynomial coefficients, highest power first. If y was 2-D, the coefficients for k-th data set are in p[:,k].Mar 17, 2023 · Numpy支持大量的维度数组和矩阵运算,对数组运算提供了大量的数学函数库!Numpy比Python列表更具优势,其中一个优势便是速度。在对大型数组执行操作时,Numpy的速度比Python列表的速度快了好几百。因为Numpy数组本身能节省内存,并且Numpy在执行算术、统计和线性代数运算时采用了优化算法。Apr 13, 2023 ... Python programming possesses various in-built data structures to make the programming faster and more efficient. The list is one of those data ...In that example, k takes on the values 0, 1, 2, ... n-1, as the loop runs. That is: Python allows two other forms of the range expression, for your.Oct 27, 2021 · The operator is placed between two numbers, such as number_1 ** number_2, where number_1 is the base and number_2 is the power to raise the first number to. The Python exponent operator works with both int and float datatypes, returning a float if any of the numbers are floats. If all the numbers are integers, then it returns an integer. Jun 16, 2012 · 32. There's the != (not equal) operator that returns True when two values differ, though be careful with the types because "1" != 1. This will always return True and "1" == 1 will always return False, since the types differ. Python is dynamically, but strongly typed, and other statically typed languages would complain about comparing different ... Jul 21, 2022 · Kolade Chris. In Python, you use the double slash // operator to perform floor division. This // operator divides the first number by the second number and rounds the result down to the nearest integer (or whole number). In this article, I will show you how to use the // operator and compare it to regular division so you can see how it works.Apr 13, 2023 ... Python programming possesses various in-built data structures to make the programming faster and more efficient. The list is one of those data ...Aug 20, 2023 · Python dictionary is an unordered collection of data that stores data in the format of key:value pair. It is like hash tables in any other language with the time complexity of O(1). Indexing of Python Dictionary is done with the help of keys. These are of any hashable type i.e. an object whose can never change like strings, numbers, tuples, etc.May 9, 2023 · Remove an item from a list in Python (clear, pop, remove, del) Convert pandas.DataFrame, Series and list to each other; How to start enumerate() at 1 in Python; Convert a list of strings and a list of numbers to each other in Python; zip() in Python: Get elements from multiple lists; Convert 1D array to 2D array in Python (numpy.ndarray, list)Calling print () Separating Multiple Arguments. Preventing Line Breaks. Printing to a File. Buffering print () Calls. Printing Custom Data Types. Understanding Python print () Print …Are you looking to enhance your programming skills and boost your career prospects? Look no further. Free online Python certificate courses are the perfect solution for you. Python...In that example, k takes on the values 0, 1, 2, ... n-1, as the loop runs. That is: Python allows two other forms of the range expression, for your. 1. In python and other languages like C, "=" is a assignment operator and is used to assign a value to a variable. Example: a=2 # the value of a is 2. whereas "==" is Comparison operator and is used to check whether 2 expressions give the same value .Equality check returns true if it succeeds and else return false. Example: a=2 b=3 c=2. However, you need to know that f-strings up to Python 3.11 have a few limitations regarding the expressions that you can embed in curly brackets and a few other details. Fortunately, Python 3.12 lifted those limitations by removing the old f-string parser and providing a new implementation of f-strings based on the PEG parser of Python 3.9. In ...Feb 2, 2024 · However, it occurs because the file ex1.py should not be executed on the Python interpreter but should have been done on the terminal. Python interpreters are meant to run only valid Python statements and not the whole files. Therefore, we should use the terminal for that whenever we have to run a Python file.Dec 26, 2022 · Meaning of X = X[:, 1] in Python is: X is a dataset or a array; Say Here X have n rows and n columns; so by doing x=x[:,1] we get all the rows in x present at index 1. Nov 1, 2021 · The += Operator In Python – A Complete Guide. By Isha Bansal / November 1, 2021. In this lesson, we will look at the += operator in Python and see how it works …Jun 26, 2023 · In Python, the “//” operator works as a floor division for integer and float arguments. However, the division operator ‘/’ returns always a float value. Note: The “//” operator is used to return the closest integer value which is less than or equal to a specified expression or value. So from the above code, 5//2 returns 2.May 9, 2019 · 深入理解Python中的None. Python中的None是一个经常被用到的知识点,但是很多人对于None的内涵把握的还是不够精确,今天就和我一起好好理解下这个小知识点吧。. 1.None表示空,但它不等于空字符串、空列表,也不等同于False,通过下面的代码进行验证。. 2.在写代码 ...May 9, 2023 · Remove an item from a list in Python (clear, pop, remove, del) Convert pandas.DataFrame, Series and list to each other; How to start enumerate() at 1 in Python; Convert a list of strings and a list of numbers to each other in Python; zip() in Python: Get elements from multiple lists; Convert 1D array to 2D array in Python (numpy.ndarray, list)Sep 18, 2023 ... The assignment operator is one of the most frequently used operators in Python. The operator consists of a single equal sign ( = ), and it ...The Python return statement is a key component of functions and methods.You can use the return statement to make your functions send Python objects back to the caller code. These objects are known as the function’s return value.You can use them to perform further computation in your programs. Using the return statement effectively is a core skill if you want to code custom …python -c "import numpy, sys; sys.exit(numpy.test() is False)" Code of Conduct. NumPy is a community-driven open source project developed by a diverse group of contributors. The NumPy leadership has made a strong commitment to creating an open, inclusive, and positive community.Modern society is built on the use of computers, and programming languages are what make any computer tick. One such language is Python. It’s a high-level, open-source and general-...Dec 27, 2023 · In Python, Logical operators are used on conditional statements (either True or False). They perform Logical AND, Logical OR, and Logical NOT operations. OPERATOR. DESCRIPTION. SYNTAX. Example. and. Returns True if both the operands are true. x and y. Home. Python. 1 Python: What is in 1 in Python? / Python / By Varun Saharawat. 1 Python represents an integer value. Integers are whole numbers that can be positive, negative, …Sep 15, 2022 · Slicing in Python gets a sub-string from a string. The slicing range is set as parameters i.e. start, stop and step. For slicing, the 1st index is 0. For negative indexing, to display the 1st element to last element in steps of 1 in reverse order, we use the [::-1]. The [::-1] reverses the order. In a similar way, we can slice strings like this.Dec 10, 2021 · 知乎,中文互联网高质量的问答社区和创作者聚集的原创内容平台,于 2011 年 1 月正式上线,以「让人们更好的分享知识、经验和见解,找到自己的解答」为品牌使命。知乎凭借认真、专业、友善的社区氛围、独特的产品机制以及结构化和易获得的优质内容,聚集了中文互联网科技、商业、影视 ...Aug 20, 2023 · Python dictionary is an unordered collection of data that stores data in the format of key:value pair. It is like hash tables in any other language with the time complexity of O(1). Indexing of Python Dictionary is done with the help of keys. These are of any hashable type i.e. an object whose can never change like strings, numbers, tuples, etc.Jan 25, 2024 · This is a convenience function for users porting code from Matlab, and wraps random_sample. That function takes a tuple to specify the size of the output, which is consistent with other NumPy functions like numpy.zeros and numpy.ones. Create an array of the given shape and populate it with random samples from a uniform distribution over [0, 1).Apr 4, 2023 · In Python, bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise calculations on integers. The integers are first converted into binary and then operations are performed on each bit or corresponding pair of bits, hence the name bitwise operators. The result is then returned in decimal format. Note: Python bitwise operators work only on integers. Unmute. Aug 20, 2023 · Python dictionary is an unordered collection of data that stores data in the format of key:value pair. It is like hash tables in any other language with the time complexity of O(1). Indexing of Python Dictionary is done with the help of keys. These are of any hashable type i.e. an object whose can never change like strings, numbers, tuples, etc.Oct 10, 2023 · Python でのスライス. Python での [ : -1] の重要性. スライスはプログラミング言語での操作であり、オブジェクトのシーケンスまたはオブジェクトや文字列の配列に対して実行できます。. スライスでは、関数とより単純な表記法を使用してデータ構造を ... Apr 13, 2023 ... Python programming possesses various in-built data structures to make the programming faster and more efficient. The list is one of those data ...Dec 9, 2023 · What is the type of 1 in Python? There are two ways to represent 1 in python as described below: –. It can be represented in a simple square bracket with no colon …Dec 12, 2018 ... ' In general, the lack of a required statement termination character simplifies script writing in Python. There is, however, one complication: ...Python can evaluate 1+1 just fine, but 1 + 1 is the preferred format because it’s generally easier to read. This rule of thumb applies to all the operators in this section. Subtraction. To subtract two numbers, just put a -operator …for Loop with Python range () In Python, the range () function returns a sequence of numbers. For example, values = range(4) Here, range (4) returns a sequence of 0, 1, 2 ,and 3. Since the range () function returns a sequence of numbers, we can iterate over it using a for loop. For example, They are defined as int, float and complex classes in Python. int - holds signed integers of non-limited length. float - holds floating decimal points and it's accurate up to 15 decimal places. complex - holds complex numbers. We can use the type () function to know which class a variable or a value belongs to. Aug 16, 2013 · range(x1, x2+1) That is a list in Python 2.x and behaves mostly like a list in Python 3.x. If you are running Python 3 and need a list that you can modify, then use: Mar 28, 2023 ... Python Programming: String Slicing in Python (Part 1) Topics discussed: 1. String Slicing in Python Programming. 2. String Slicing with the ...1 day ago · Python Identity Operators. Identity operators are used to compare the objects, not if they are equal, but if they are actually the same object, with the same memory …3 days ago · This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard ...The Python return statement is a key component of functions and methods.You can use the return statement to make your functions send Python objects back to the caller code. These objects are known as the function’s return value.You can use them to perform further computation in your programs. Using the return statement effectively is a core skill if you want to code custom …5 days ago · Machine Learning in Python Getting Started Release Highlights for 1.4 GitHub. Simple and efficient tools for predictive data analysis; Accessible to everybody, and reusable in various contexts ... February 2024. scikit-learn 1.4.1.post1 is available for download . January 2024. scikit-learn 1.4.0 is available for download . October 2023. ...If you’re on the search for a python that’s just as beautiful as they are interesting, look no further than the Banana Ball Python. These gorgeous snakes used to be extremely rare,...5 days ago · Install Python from python.org, Homebrew, or your Linux package manager. Use Poetry as the most well-maintained tool that provides a dependency resolver and environment management capabilities in a similar fashion as conda does. Python package management# Managing packages is a challenging problem, and, as a result, there are …Sep 18, 2023 · basics python. In Python, operators are special symbols, combinations of symbols, or keywords that designate some type of computation. You can combine objects and operators to build …Jan 3, 2017 · Therefore, a[:-1:-1] means "go from the end of a, which is a[-1] (since i is unspecified and k is negative), to the last element of a (since j == -1), with step size of -1". i and j are equal – you start and stop slicing in the same place – so the expression evaluates to an empty list. Mar 19, 2024 · Arithmetic Operators in Python. Python Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and …1 day ago · This tutorial introduces the reader informally to the basic concepts and features of the Python language and system. It helps to have a Python interpreter handy for hands-on experience, but all examples are self-contained, so the tutorial can be read off-line as well. For a description of standard objects and modules, see The Python Standard ...Dec 14, 2020 · December 1, 2023. The Python += operator lets you add two values together and assign the resultant value to a variable. This operator is often referred to as the addition assignment operator. It is shorter than adding two numbers together and then assigning the resulting value using both a + and an = sign separately. The Python return statement is a key component of functions and methods.You can use the return statement to make your functions send Python objects back to the caller code. These objects are known as the function’s return value.You can use them to perform further computation in your programs. Using the return statement effectively is a core skill if you want to code custom …Apr 4, 2023 · In Python, bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise calculations on integers. The integers are first converted into binary and then operations are performed on each bit or corresponding pair of bits, hence the name bitwise operators. The result is then returned in decimal format. Note: Python bitwise operators work only on integers. Unmute. Oct 28, 2021 · Let’s see how we can use the numpy.log () function to calculate the natural logarithm in Python. We’ll calculate the natural logarithm for Euler’s constant and some other values. # Calculate the natural log in Python with numpy.log import numpy as np. import math. print (np.log(math.e)) print (np.log( 1 ))May 10, 2023 · Python int() Function for Custom Objects. The int() in Python can be used on custom objects. Let us see a few examples of the same. int() with __int__() function. In this example, we created a class called ‘Number’ and defined a value and a constructor that returns the value. Then we created an object called ‘data’ of the Number class ...May 14, 2023 · Round up/down decimals in Python (math.floor, math.ceil) Get the absolute value with abs() and math.fabs() in Python; Check if the floating point numbers are close in Python (math.isclose) Sign function in Python (sign/signum/sgn, copysign) Maximum and minimum float values in Python; Get quotient and remainder with divmod() in PythonPython is a powerful and versatile programming language that has gained immense popularity in recent years. Known for its simplicity and readability, Python has become a go-to choi...Dec 7, 2022 · To increment a variable by 1 in Python, you can use the augmented assignment operator +=. This operator adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. For example, if you have a variable x with the value 5, you can increment it by 1 using the following code: x += 1. After this code is executed, the value ...

Jul 1, 2022 · Step 1: Generate two matrices of integers using NumPy’s random.randint() function. You can also declare matrices as nested Python lists. ... In Python, @ is a binary operator used for matrix multiplication. It operates on two matrices, and in general, N-dimensional NumPy arrays, and returns the product matrix. .... Ameritrade thinkorswim

1 in python

Table of Contents. Getting Started With Membership Tests in Python. Python’s in Operator. Python’s not in Operator. Using in and not in With Different Python Types. Lists, Tuples, …Mar 13, 2024 · A String is a data structure in Python that represents a sequence of characters. It is an immutable data type, meaning that once you have created a string, you cannot change it. Strings are used widely in many different applications, such as storing and manipulating text data, representing names, addresses, and other types of data that can be ... Aug 5, 2022 · action-2 case pattern-3: action-3 case _: action-default. Note that the underscore symbol is what you use to define a default case for the switch statement in Python. An example of a switch statement written with the match case syntax is shown below. It is a program that prints what you can become when you learn various …Are you looking to enhance your programming skills and boost your career prospects? Look no further. Free online Python certificate courses are the perfect solution for you. Python...Dec 7, 2023 · Linux Note: Starting with TensorFlow 2.10, Linux CPU-builds for Aarch64/ARM64 processors are built, maintained, tested and released by a third party: AWS.Installing the tensorflow package on an ARM machine installs AWS's tensorflow-cpu-aws package. They are provided as-is. Tensorflow will use reasonable efforts to maintain the availability and integrity …However, you need to know that f-strings up to Python 3.11 have a few limitations regarding the expressions that you can embed in curly brackets and a few other details. Fortunately, Python 3.12 lifted those limitations by removing the old f-string parser and providing a new implementation of f-strings based on the PEG parser of Python 3.9. In ...Python is one of the most popular programming languages in today’s digital age. Known for its simplicity and readability, Python is an excellent language for beginners who are just...Jul 1, 2022 · Step 1: Generate two matrices of integers using NumPy’s random.randint() function. You can also declare matrices as nested Python lists. ... In Python, @ is a binary operator used for matrix multiplication. It operates on two matrices, and in general, N-dimensional NumPy arrays, and returns the product matrix. ...Dec 27, 2023 · Master Python list comprehensions to create concise, efficient code like a pro. Write clean, readable lists in one line, boost performance, and simplify complex data operations. ... [1, 4, 9, 16, 25] Iteration with List Comprehension. In this example, we are assigning 1, 2, and 3 to the list and we are printing the list using List Comprehension.Jan 4, 2017 · This is because now C is a 1D array (C.ndim == 1), and so when iterating over C, each integer element is pulled out and assigned to c. Now in Python, integers are immutable, meaning that in-place updates are not allowed, effectively transforming c += 1 into c = c + 1, where c now refers to a new integer, not coupled to C in any way. 1 day ago · Definition and Usage. The None keyword is used to define a null value, or no value at all. None is not the same as 0, False, or an empty string. None is a data type of its own (NoneType) and only None can be None.Aug 20, 2021 · Python also has a built-in function to convert floats to integers: int (). The int () function works similarly to the float () function: you can add a floating-point number inside of the parentheses to convert it to an integer: int(390.8) In …1 day ago · csv. writer (csvfile, dialect = 'excel', ** fmtparams) ¶ Return a writer object responsible for converting the user’s data into delimited strings on the given file-like object. csvfile can be any object with a write() method. If csvfile is a file object, it should be opened with newline='' [1].An optional dialect parameter can be given which is used to define a …The algebraic definition of an absolute value is also pretty straightforward to implement in Python: Python. from math import sqrt def absolute_value(x): return sqrt(pow(x, 2)) First, you import the square root function from the math module and then call it on the given number raised to the power of two..

Popular Topics